» » Conjunction Ringkasan penjelasan dan macamnya

Conjunction Ringkasan penjelasan dan macamnya




1. Definisi Conjunction (kata sambung) adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata dengan kata yang lain, ungkapan dengan ungkapan yang lain, dan kalimat yang satu dengan kalimat yang lainnya.


2. Fungsi Conjunction secara umum berfungsi sebagai berikut:
a)  Menghubungkan kata dengan kata. 
       Example: The students are clever and smart.

b) Menghubungkan kata keterangan dengan keterangan. 
       Example: Aziz drives the car fast but carefully.


c)  Menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda. 
       Example: Imam and Ica are good workers.


d) Menghubungkan kata kerja dengan kata kerja. 
       Example:  Vino Feels and thinks how to get me


e)  Menghubungakn kalimat dengan kalimat. 
       Example: Ubaid went to Kediri and he saw his friend.




3.             Macam macam Conjunction

a.   Single word Conjunction yaitu kata sambung yang hanya terdiri dari satu suku kata. 

       Example:
       • After : She goes to school after I go first.
       • Also : He is clever also polite.



b.  Compound Conjunction  (kata sambung majemuk) adalah kata sambung yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih. 

       Example:
       • As well as : Anto as well Juki went to Surabaya last night.
       • As if : She cries hard as if she is the victim



c.   Correlative Conjunction (kata sambung berpasangan) yaitu kata sambung yang selalu diikuti jenis kata yang lain. 

       Example:
       • She is not only beautiful but also clever.
       • Edo both plays computer and sings.



d. Coordinaing Conjunction (kata sambung sederajat) adalah kata sambung yang berfungsi merangkaiakan unit-unit structural yang sederajat yang menghubungkan jenis kata dengan kata dan juga kalimat yang satu dengan kalimat yang satunya. 

       Berdasarkan pengertiannya Coordinating Conjunction dibagi menjadi 4 macam:

1)  Cumulative Conjunction adalah kata sambung yang berfungsi mempunyai arti mempunyai/menambah. 

       Adapun yang termasuk Cumulative Conjunction adalah sebagai berikut:
No
Cumulative Conjunction
Meaning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
And
Both . . . . . . and
As well as
And also
Not only . . . . . but also Furthermore
Like wise
Beside
Dan
Dan
Maupun/juga
Dan juga
Tidak hanya....tapi juga
Lebih-lebih lagi
Seperti itu pula
Disamping itu
9
10
11
12
Again
Moreover
In addition
 Similary
Lagi, lagi pula
Lebih-lebih lagi
Tambahan lagi
Demikian pula

Example:
• Samson is big and strong.
• She not only can speak English but also speak French.
• Both Anwar and Sanusi read poetry.
• Besides studying English, she also helps her mother cook in the kitchen.
• Everyday she speaks English and French.


2)   Alternative Conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang mengandung pengertian memilih atau pemilihan antara dua lebih.

       Example: Or, either ...or, or else . . . . . . , neither . . . . . . . nor
· Tompson or Joanne will finish this job.
· Either yu leave this house or I'll call the police.
· He neither smoke nor drink alcohol at the bar.


3)     Adversative Conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang mempunyai arti pertentangan antara satu bagain kalimat dengan bagaian lainnya. Example: Yet, still, however
· Ahmed is rich, yet he is friendly person.
· She tried hard, still she didn't understand about the lesson.
· Herman is poor, however, he is honest.


4)     Illusive Conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang menunjukkan pengertian akibat (sebab) dari peristiwa yang lain.

No
Illusive Conjunction
Meaning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Therefore
Since
As result
Moreover
Consequently
So
Other wise
For this reason
For
Thus
Nevertheless
But
However
Still
Not with standing
Although
On the other hand
On the contratry
In contrast
Conversely

Oleh karena itu
Sejak
Hasilnya
Tambahan lagi
Akibatnya
Jadi
Sebaliknya
Karena alasan ini
Karena
Jadi
Oleh karena itu
Tetapi
Bagaimanapun
Namun, tetapi masih
Meskipun
Meskipun
Sebaliknya
Sebaliknya
Sebaliknya
Sedangkan, sebaliknya

Example:
·   He couldn't do it so I did it for hem.
·   I come here because you're here.
·   It's time to go so let's do it.
·   As there was nothing to do, I sent out for a while.
·   The workers must stop working, for it is raining heavily
·   It's raining heavily, therefore the students are late.



e.   Subordinating Conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan subordinate clause (anak kalimat yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri) dengan main clause (induk kalimat)


No
Subordinating Conjunction
Meaning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
After
Since
Although
As Soon As
Lest
Because
That
While
In Order That
Unless
Though
When
If
Where
As If
Before
Even
Until
As
Than
Setelah
Sejak
Meskipun
Sesegera
Kalau, agar tidak
Karena
Bahwa
Sementara
Supaya
Kecuali kalau
Meskipun
Ketika
Jika
Dimana
Seolah-olah
Sebelum
Bahkan
Sampai
Karena
Daripada

Example:
· My father says that this book is mine.
· I trust his words because he speaks the truth.
· He closed his house after his friends had gone.


Ø    Karena dalam subordinating conjunction dependent clause (anak kalimat) tidak bisa berdiri sendiri, artinya bergantung pada kalimat pokok (main clause). Maka ada beberapa cara untuk untuk mengetahui ketergantungannya (modes of dependence):

   a.     Ketergantungan tambahan (apposiition) yang hanya dalam pengertian pengantar/perkenalan.        Example:
·    He made a promise that he would return soon.
·    I will go visiting you if I am better.

b.    Sebab/alasan. 
       Example:
•We can do nothing, as he refuses.
• He couldn't go, since he has studied hard.
• He will succeed, since he has studied hard.


c.     Akibat/pengaruh. 
       Example:
•He runs very fast, that he made himself tired.

d.    Maksud/tujuan. 
Example:
• We eat a lot of food, so we may be full now.
• He shouted at the top of his voice, in order that he might be heard
• We are doing sport, so we are healthy.


e.     Syarat. 
       Example:
• I will go out if she is fine.
• He will come out, unless he hears to the contrary.
• I will come, provided that I am well enough.


f.  Pernyataan mengalah/contrast. 
       Example:
• He worked hard, even though he was tired.
• She is an honest woman, although she is poor.
• She is an honest woman, though she is poor.

g.    Perbandingan  
       Example:
• She is as tall as I am.
• He is as cleverer as you
• He is clever than I am.
• The sea is deeper than the mountains is high.


h.     Taraf/cara. 
       Example:
· The businessman will prosper, accordingly as it judiciously managed.
· Men will reap, as they sow.


i. Waktu. 
       Example:
· go, as soon as he comes.
· You can sit down, while I stand.


Ø    Catatan khusus mengenai conjunction
1.   Satu Conjunction untuk dua clause.
2.   Kata kata sambung yang menyatakan mengalah (kalimat atau clause yang diikuti oleh conjunction selalu jadi dependent clause anak kalimat).
3.   Conjunction "however" bila sebagai coordinative conjunction 
       (a), berdiri sendiri dan lazimnya diletakkan ditengah kalimat. Akan tetapi bila "however” merupakan                         subordinating conjunction 
       (b), ia harus diletakkan diawal adverb atau adjective tertentu dan selalau diletakkan diawal kalimat. 
       Example:
      a.  Dalam coordinating conjunction. 
         Example: 
          - I'd like to go, however, I haven't time.
          - I'll offer to Tom, however, he may not want it.

       b. Dalam subordinating conjunction. 
       Example:
   -However hard to try to forget her, you'll never be able to do it.
   -However hot the sun, we must go.

4.     Bila "as" dipakai dalam pengertian konsensif atau kontras, ia selalu didahului oleh adverb, adjective, atau participle yang berfungsi sebagai complement untuk kata kerja yang mengikuti.      
       Example:           
          - Hot as the sun is, we must go.
          - Poor as he is, he is honest.



Ø   Conjunctive Adverbs adalah adverb yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua clause. 
Yang termasuk conjunctive adverbs adalah sebagai berikut:
· Nevertheless        : meskipun demikian, walaupun begitu
· Therefore              : oleh sebab itu, maka dari itu.
· Thus                      : dengan demikian, jadi
· Whereover            : tambahan lagi, lagi pula
· Hence                   : maka dari itu
· Otherwise            : kalau tidak
· However             : namun demikian
· Notwithstanding : meskipun
· Although           : meskipun
· Though             : meskipun
Example:
1.      There is a tar in this dress, thus I want my money back.
2.      It's raining; therefore, the club will cancel the picnic.
3.      He was out of health, therefore he could not go to school.
4.      The plane have therefore been diverted.
5.       Although they are poor, they are honest.





Let's Practic >>>>>>

Excercise: “but” vs “and”
  It was a difficult exam, . . . . I passed it.
  She worked hard . . . . . made a lot of money.
  He looks too serious, . . . . . in fact, he's so much fun.
  I was against the new project, . . . . . I accepted to help.
  He was late . . . . wasn't allowed to get in.
  It was very expensive, . . . . I bought it.
  She was very poor, . . . . . she never asked for help.
  He wanted to eat sushi for dinner, . . . . . he couldn't find a Japanese restaurant.
  He stopped talking . . . . . lit a cigarette.
  I wanted to attend the meeting, . . . . . I couldn't because I was very ill.



Fill the blanks with Since, so that, so , when, where, although, and, but , or!
  1. · I need to work hard . . . . . .  . I can pass the exam.
  2. · . . . . . . . he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.
  3. · . . . . . . . you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
  4. · They said that the movie was fantastic, . . . . . . I watched it.
  5. · . . . . . . . He was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.
  6. · I don't know . . . . .I can buy a pair of jeans.
  7. · She went to the shops . . . . . . . .  couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
  8. · Everybody likes him because he is nice . . . . . . . . helpful.
  9. · .. . . . . . . . he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.
  10. · Keep quiet . . . . . . . go out.



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